Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, also known as Neanderthals, were a species of archaic humans that lived in Eurasia from approximately 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They are considered as the closest extinct relatives of modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens. Neanderthals inhabited various regions, including Europe and parts of western Asia.
Neanderthals were characterized by a robust build and distinctive facial features. They had a stockier physique compared to modern humans, with shorter limbs and a larger ribcage. Their prominent brow ridges, occipital bun (a bulge at the back of the skull), and a large nose were also defining physical traits.
These ancient humans were highly adapted to cold environments, with evidence suggesting they wore clothing and used fire for warmth. Neanderthals were skilled hunters and gatherers, utilizing tools and weapons made from stone, bone, and antler. They also demonstrated advanced social behaviors, including caring for the sick and injured.
Genetic studies have shown that Neanderthals interbred with anatomically modern humans who migrated from Africa into Europe and Asia. As a result, many individuals of non-African descent today carry a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA.
The exact cause of Neanderthal extinction remains uncertain, with factors such as climate change, competition with Homo sapiens sapiens, or a combination of several reasons proposed as potential explanations. Despite their eventual disappearance, the study of Neanderthals provides important insights into the evolution and diversity of the human species.
